What Changed Because of the Movement From Isolationism to Expansionism

American Imperialism

"American imperialism" is a term that refers to the economical, military, and cultural influence of the United States internationally.

Learning Objectives

Define American imperialism

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The late nineteenth century was known as the "Historic period of Imperialism," a fourth dimension when the United states and other major globe powers rapidly expanded their territorial possessions.
• American imperialism is partly based on American exceptionalism, the idea that the Us is unlike from other countries because of its specific world mission to spread freedom and democracy.
• I of the about notable instances of American imperialism was the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, which allowed the United states to proceeds possession and command of all ports, buildings, harbors, war machine equipment, and public holding that had belonged to the Regime of the Hawaiian Islands.
• Some groups, such equally the American Anti-Imperialist League, opposed imperialism on the grounds that information technology conflicted with the American ideal of Republicans and the "consent of the governed."

Key Terms

• Social Darwinism: An credo that seeks to apply biological concepts of Darwinism or evolutionary theory to folklore and politics, often under the assumption that disharmonize between societal groups leads to social progress, every bit superior groups surpass inferior ones.
• American Exceptionalism: A belief, central to American political culture since the Revolution, that Americans accept a unique mission among nations to spread freedom and democracy.
• The American Anti-Imperialist League: An organization established in the United States on June 15, 1898, to boxing the American annexation of the Philippines as an insular area.
• American Imperialism: A term that refers to the economic, military, and cultural influence of the Us on other countries.

Expansion and Ability

"American imperialism" is a term that refers to the economic, military, and cultural influence of the U.s.a. on other countries. Kickoff popularized during the presidency of James Grand. Polk, the concept of an "American Empire" was made a reality throughout the latter half of the 1800s. During this fourth dimension, industrialization caused American businessmen to seek new international markets in which to sell their goods. In add-on, the increasing influence of social Darwinism led to the belief that the The states was inherently responsible for bringing concepts such as industry, democracy, and Christianity to less adult "savage" societies. The combination of these attitudes and other factors led the United States toward imperialism.

"Ten Yard Miles from Tip to Tip": "Ten Thousand Miles from Tip to Tip," refers to the extension of U.South. domination (symbolized past a bald hawkeye) from Puerto Rico to the Philippines. The cartoon contrasts the 1898 representation with that of the Us in 1798.

American imperialism is partly rooted in American exceptionalism, the thought that the The states is different from other countries due to its specific world mission to spread liberty and republic. This theory oftentimes is traced back to the words of 1800s French observer Alexis de Tocqueville, who concluded that the United States was a unique nation, "proceeding along a path to which no limit tin be perceived."

Pinpointing the actual beginning of American imperialism is difficult. Some historians suggest that information technology began with the writing of the Constitution; historian Donald Due west. Meinig argues that the imperial behavior of the United States dates back to at least the Louisiana Purchase. He describes this outcome equally an, "aggressive encroachment of ane people upon the territory of another, resulting in the subjugation of that people to alien rule." Hither, he is referring to the U.Southward. policies toward Native Americans, which he said were, "designed to remold them into a people more than accordingly conformed to purple desires."

Uncle Sam teaching the world: This caricature shows Uncle Sam lecturing four children labelled "Philippines," "Hawaii," "Puerto Rico," and "Cuba" in front of children property books labeled with various U.S. states. In the groundwork, an American Indian holds a volume upside down, a Chinese boy stands at the door, and a black boy cleans a window. The blackboard reads, "The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact… the U.South. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they tin govern themselves."

Whatever its origins, American imperialism experienced its pinnacle from the late 1800s through the years following World State of war Ii. During this "Age of Imperialism," the Usa exerted political, social, and economic control over countries such as the Philippines, Cuba, Germany, Republic of austria, Korea, and Japan. One of the near notable examples of American imperialism in this age was the looting of Hawaii in 1898, which allowed the United states to gain possession and control of all ports, buildings, harbors, military equipment, and public property that had formally belonged to the Regime of the Hawaiian Islands. On Jan 17, 1893, the concluding monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani, was deposed in a coup d'état led largely by American citizens who were opposed to Liliuokalani's endeavour to plant a new Constitution. This action somewhen resulted in Hawaii's condign America'due south 50th state in 1959.

Opposition to Imperialism

The American Anti-Imperialist League was an organization established in the United States on June 15, 1898, to battle the American annexation of the Philippines equally an insular area. The League also argued that the Spanish-American War was a war of imperialism inconspicuous as a war of liberation. The anti-imperialists opposed the expansion because they believed imperialism violated the credo of republicanism, especially the need for "consent of the governed." They did not oppose expansion on commercial, constitutional, religious, or humanitarian grounds; rather, they believed that the looting and administration of third-world tropical areas would hateful the abandonment of American ideals of self-government and isolation—ideals expressed in the U.S. Annunciation of Independence, George Washington 's Farewell Address, and Abraham Lincoln 'due south Gettysburg Address. The Anti-Imperialist League represented an older generation and was rooted in an earlier era; they were defeated in terms of public opinion, the 1900 ballot, and the actions of Congress and the president because most younger Progressives who were just coming to power supported imperialism.

The Spanish-American War

The Spanish-American War was a three-month-long conflict in 1898 betwixt Spain and the United States.

Learning Objectives

Analyze the Spanish-American War

Central Takeaways

Key Points

• The Spanish-American State of war was the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence with Kingdom of spain.
• The state of war served to further repair relations between the American North and South. The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first time since the cease of the Civil War in 1865, and many friendships were formed between soldiers of Northern and Southern states during their tours of duty.
• The state of war marked American entry into world diplomacy. Since then, the The states has had a significant mitt in various conflicts effectually the earth, and has entered into many treaties and agreements.
• The defeat of Espana marked the end of the Castilian Empire.

Key Terms

• expansionism: The policy of expanding a nation's territory or its economic influence.

Overview

The Spanish-American War was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States. It was the outcome of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence. American attacks on Espana's Pacific possessions led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately to the Philippine-American War.

Background

Revolts confronting Castilian rule had been endemic for decades in Cuba and were closely watched by Americans. With the abolition of slavery in 1886, former slaves joined the ranks of farmers and the urban working class, many wealthy Cubans lost their property, and the number of saccharide mills declined. Only companies and the near powerful plantation owners remained in business, and during this period, U.South. financial capital began flowing into the country. Although it remained Spanish territory politically, Cuba started to depend on the The states economically. Coincidentally, around the same time, Cuba saw the ascent of labor movements.

Following his second displacement to Spain in 1878, revolutionary José Martí moved to the United States in 1881. At that place he mobilized the support of the Cuban exile customs, especially in southern Florida. He aimed for a revolution and independence from Espana, but also lobbied confronting the U.S. annexation of Cuba, which some American and Cuban politicians desired.

By 1897–1898, American public stance grew angrier at reports of Castilian atrocities in Republic of cuba. Later the mysterious sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the assistants of Republican President William McKinley into a state of war he had wished to avoid. Compromise proved impossible, resulting in the United states of america sending an ultimatum to Espana that demanded it immediately surrender control of Cuba, which the Spanish rejected. Commencement Madrid, and so Washington, formally declared war.

The State of war

Although the main issue was Cuban independence, the 10-week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. American naval power proved decisive, allowing U.South. expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already reeling from nationwide insurgent attacks and wasted by yellow fever.

The Spanish-American State of war was swift and decisive. During the state of war'south three-calendar month duration, non a unmarried American opposite of any importance occurred. A week after the proclamation of war, Commodore George Dewey of the six-warship Asiatic Squadron (then based at Hong Kong) steamed his fleet to the Philippines. Dewey caught the entire Spanish armada at anchor in Manila Bay and destroyed it without losing an American life.

Cuban, Philippine, and American forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila equally a upshot of their numerical superiority in most of the battles and despite the skilful performance of some Spanish infantry units and spirited defenses in places such as San Juan Loma. Madrid sued for peace afterward two obsolete Spanish squadrons were sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay. A tertiary more modern fleet was recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts.

The Treaty of Paris

The result of the war was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the United States. Information technology allowed temporary American control of Cuba and indefinite colonial authorization over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines post-obit their purchase from Spain. The defeat and collapse of the Spanish Empire was a profound daze to Spain's national psyche, and provoked a movement of thoroughgoing philosophical and creative reevaluation of Spanish social club known every bit the "Generation of '98." The victor gained several isle possessions spanning the world, which acquired a rancorous new argue over the wisdom of expansionism.

Legacy of the War

"La Fatlera del Oncle Sam": A Catalan satirical drawing, published in La Campana de Gràcia (1896), criticizing U.Southward. behavior regarding Cuba.

The war marked American entry into globe affairs. Before the Spanish-American State of war, the United States was characterized by isolationism, an approach to foreign policy that asserts that a nation's interests are best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a altitude. Since the Spanish-American War, the Us has had a significant manus in various conflicts effectually the world, and has entered many treaties and agreements. The Panic of 1893 was over by this bespeak, and the United States entered a long and prosperous period of economic and population growth and technological innovation that lasted through the 1920s. The war redefined national identity, served as a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American heed, and provided a model for all future news reporting.

The war likewise finer ended the Spanish Empire. Spain had been declining as an majestic ability since the early nineteenth century every bit a result of Napoleon's invasion. The loss of Cuba caused a national trauma considering of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Cuba, which was seen equally some other province of Spain rather than as a colony. Spain retained but a handful of overseas holdings: Spanish Due west Africa, Spanish Guinea, Spanish Sahara, Spanish Morocco, and the Canary Islands.

Markets and Missionaries

Progressive Era evangelism included stiff political, social, and economical letters, which urged adherents to better their guild.

Learning Objectives

Place the Social Gospel motility and the American Missionary Clan

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Social Gospel was the religious wing of the Progressive motion, which aimed to gainsay injustice, suffering, and poverty in guild.
• The American Missionary Association established schools and colleges for African Americans in the mail service-Civil War menses.
• The Social Gospel motility was not a unified and well-focused motility, equally in that location were disagreements amid members.

Key Terms

• Social Gospel: A Protestant Christian intellectual move that was most prominent in the early twentieth-century The states and Canada that applied Christian ethics to social problems.
• American Missionary Association: An organisation supporting the education of freed blacks that founded hundreds of schools and colleges.
• Evangelical: Of or relating to any of several Christian churches that believe in the sole potency of the gospels.

The Social Gospel Motility

The Social Gospel was a Protestant motion that was most prominent in the early on twentieth-century United States and Canada. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, particularly issues of social justice such every bit economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, law-breaking, racial tensions, slums, unclean environments, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war.

In the U.s.a., prior to Earth State of war I, the Social Gospel was the religious wing of the Progressive movement, which aimed to combat injustice, suffering, and poverty in society. Denver, Colorado, was a eye of Social Gospel activism. Thomas Uzzell led the Methodist People's Tabernacle from 1885 to 1910. He established a free dispensary for medical emergencies, an employment bureau for job seekers, a summer camp for children, night schools for extended learning, and English language classes. Myron Reed of the First Congregational Church became a spokesman for labor unions on bug such as worker'southward compensation. His middle-class congregation encouraged Reed to move on when he became a Socialist, and he organized a nondenominational church. Baptist minister Jim Goodhart fix up an employment agency, and provided food and lodging for tramps and hobos at the mission he ran. He became city chaplain and director of public welfare of Denver in 1918. In addition to these Protestants, Reform Jews and Catholics helped build Denver's social welfare system in the early on twentieth century.

Walter Rauschenbusch and Dwight Moody

Pastor Dwight Moody, ca.1900: Portrait of Pastor Dwight Moody: preacher, evangelist, and publisher in the Social Gospel movement.

One of the defining theologians for the Social Gospel motion was Walter Rauschenbusch, a Baptist pastor of a congregation located in Hell's Kitchen in New York City. Rauschenbusch railed against what he regarded as the selfishness of capitalism and promoted a form of Christian Socialism that supported the creation of labor unions and cooperative economics.

While pastors such every bit Rauschenbusch were combining their expertise in Biblical ideals and economical studies and inquiry to preach theological claims effectually the need for social reform, others such as Dwight Moody refused to preach about social issues based on personal experience. Pastor Moody's experience led him to believe that the poor were too particular in receiving charity. Moody claimed that concentrating on social assistance distracted people from the life-saving message of the Gospel.

Rauschenbusch sought to address the problems of the city with Socialist ideas that proved to be frightening to the eye classes, the main supporters of the Social Gospel. In dissimilarity, Moody attempted to save people from the city and was very effective in influencing center-form Americans who were moving into the city with traditional way revivals.

The American Missionary Association

The American Missionary Association (AMA) was a Protestant-based abolitionist grouping founded on September 3, 1846, in Albany, New York. The main purpose of this arrangement was to abolish slavery, brainwash African Americans, advocate for racial equality, and promote Christian values. Its members and leaders were both black and white and chiefly affiliated with Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches.

The AMA started The American Missionary mag, which published from 1846 through 1934. Among its efforts was the founding of antislavery churches. For instance, the abolitionist Owen Lovejoy was among the Congregational ministers of the AMA who helped constitute 115 antislavery churches in Illinois before the American Ceremonious War, aided past the potent w migration of individuals from the East. While the AMA became notable in the United states of america for its work in opposition to slavery and in support of instruction for freed men, it too worked in missions in numerous nations overseas. The nineteenth-century missionary try was potent in Cathay and eastward Asia.

Legacy

While the Social Gospel was short-lived historically, it had a lasting affect on the policies of nigh of the mainline denominations in the United States. Most began programs for social reform, which led to ecumenical cooperation in 1910 during the formation of the Federal Quango of Churches (although cooperation regarding social issues often led to charges of Socialism). Information technology is likely that the Social Gospel'south potent sense of leadership by the people led to women's suffrage, and that the accent information technology placed on morality led to prohibition. Biographer Randall Woods argues that Social Gospel themes learned from childhood immune Lyndon B. Johnson to transform social bug into moral problems. This helps explicate his longtime commitment to social justice, as exemplified by the Great Lodge, and his commitment to racial equality. The Social Gospel explicitly inspired his strange-policy approach of a sort of Christian internationalism and nation building.

The Open Door Policy

The Open up Door Policy aimed to go on the Chinese trade marketplace open to all countries on an equal ground.

Learning Objectives

Identify the Open up Door Policy and the Monroe Doctrine

Cardinal Takeaways

Fundamental Points

• The Open Door Policy was established in 1899 and stated that all European nations and the United States could trade with China with equal standing.
• The Monroe Doctrine stated that efforts by European nations to colonize or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed every bit acts of assailment toward the United States and that the United states of america would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal European affairs.

Key Terms

• Open Door Policy: A doctrine that governed the relationship between Red china and the royal powers (Great britain, French republic, Germany, Italy, Russia, America, and Japan) during the early 1900s. The policy forbade the purple powers from taking Chinese territory and from interfering with one another'south economic activities in China.
• Monroe Doctrine: A U.South. strange policy regarding domination of the Americas, which aimed to free the newly contained colonies of Latin America from European intervention.

The "Open Door Policy" refers to a U.S. doctrine established in the late nineteenth century and the early on twentieth century, as expressed in Secretary of State John Hay'due south "Open Door Annotation," dated September 6, 1899, and dispatched to the major European powers. The policy proposed to continue People's republic of china open to trade with all countries on an equal basis, keeping any one power from total control of the country, and calling upon all powers, within their spheres of influence, to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested involvement, to let Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal ground, and to show no favors to their own nationals in the thing of harbor dues or railroad charges.

The Open up Door policy was rooted in the want of U.South. businesses to merchandise with Chinese markets, though the policy's pledging to protect Communist china's sovereignty and territorial integrity from sectionalisation also tapped the deep-seated sympathies of those who opposed imperialism. In practice, the policy had little legal standing; it was mainly used to mediate competing interests of the colonial powers without much meaningful input from the Chinese, which created lingering resentment and caused it to exist seen later as a symbol of national humiliation by many Chinese historians.

Formation of the Policy

During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, China faced an imminent threat of being partitioned and colonized past imperialist powers such as Britain, French republic, Russia, Nihon, and Germany. After winning the Spanish-American War of 1898, and with the newly acquired territory of the Philippine Islands, the U.s.a. increased its Asian presence and was expecting to further its commercial and political interest in Mainland china. The U.s.a. felt threatened past other powers' much larger spheres of influence in China and worried that it might lose access to the Chinese market should the country exist partitioned.

As a response, William Woodville Rockhill formulated the Open Door Policy to safeguard American business opportunities and other interests in China. On September six, 1899, U.Southward. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russian federation), asking them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would non interfere with the costless use of the treaty ports within their spheres of influence in China. The Open up Door Policy stated that all nations, including the U.s.a., could enjoy equal access to the Chinese market.

In reply, each country tried to evade Hay's asking, taking the position that it could non commit itself until the other nations had complied. However, by July 1900, Hay announced that each of the powers had granted consent in principle. Although treaties made after 1900 refer to the Open Door Policy, competition among the various powers for special concessions within China for railroad rights, mining rights, loans, foreign trade ports, and so forth, continued unabated.

The Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was a U.Southward. foreign policy regarding domination of the Americas in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize state or interfere with states in Due north or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. At the aforementioned time, the doctrine noted that the United states of america would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued in 1823 at a fourth dimension when nearly all Latin American colonies of Kingdom of spain and Portugal had accomplished, or were at the point of gaining, independence from the Portuguese and Castilian Empires.

Monroe Doctrine: A 1912 newspaper cartoon about the Monroe Doctrine.

President James Monroe first stated the doctrine during his 7th-annual State of the Union Address to Congress. The term "Monroe Doctrine" itself was coined in 1850. Past the cease of the nineteenth century, Monroe'due south declaration was seen as a defining moment in the strange policy of the United states of america and ane of its longest-standing tenets. It would be invoked by many U.South. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Ulysses Southward. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and many others.

The intent and bear upon of the Monroe Doctrine persisted with only minor variations for more than than a century. Its stated objective was to gratis the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention and avoid situations that could make the New World a battleground for the Old World powers, so that the Us could exert its own influence undisturbed. The doctrine asserted that the New Earth and the Onetime Globe were to remain distinctly separate spheres of influence, for they were composed of entirely separate and independent nations.

Inherent in the Monroe Doctrine are the themes of American exceptionalism and Manifest Destiny, ii ideas that refer to the right of the United States to exert its influence over the balance of the world. Under these conditions, the Monroe Doctrine was used to justify American intervention abroad multiple times throughout the nineteenth century, well-nigh notably in the Spanish-American War and with the annexation of Hawaii.

The Philippine-American War

The Philippine-American War was an armed disharmonize that resulted in American colonial rule of the Philippines until 1946.

Learning Objectives

Clarify the Philippine-American War

Cardinal Takeaways

Key Points

• The Philippine-American State of war was part of a series of conflicts in the Philippine struggle for independence, preceded by the Philippine Revolution (1896) and the Castilian-American War.
• The disharmonize arose from the struggle of the Kickoff Philippine Republic to gain independence post-obit looting past the United States.
• The state of war and U.Due south. occupation changed the cultural mural of the islands. Examples of this include the disestablishment of the Catholic Church every bit the Philippine state religion and the introduction of the English language as the primary language of government and business concern.
• The United States officially took control of the Philippines in 1902. In 1916, the Us promised some cocky-government, a limited form of which was established in 1935. In 1946, post-obit World State of war II, the United states of america gave the territory independence through the Treaty of Manila.

Key Terms

• Philippine Revolution of 1896: An armed disharmonize in which Philippine revolutionaries tried to win national independence from Spanish colonial rule. Power struggles among the revolutionaries and conflict with Castilian forces continued throughout the Spanish-American War.
• Battle of Manila: The boxing that began the Philippine-American War of 1899.
• American Anti-Imperialist League: A U.Southward. system that opposed American control of the Philippines and viewed information technology as a violation of republican principles. The group also believed in free trade, the gold standard, and limited government.

The Philippine-American War, also known as the "Philippine War of Independence" or the "Philippine Insurrection" (1899–1902), was an armed conflict between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries. The conflict arose after the Philippine Revolution of 1896, from the First Philippine Republic's struggle to proceeds independence following annexation by the Usa.

The conflict arose when the Starting time Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris, under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain after the Spanish-American State of war.

The Battle of Manila: The Battle of Manila, February 1899.

Fighting erupted between U.S. and Filipino revolutionary forces on February 4, 1899, and quickly escalated into the 1899 Battle of Manila. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Commonwealth officially declared war against the U.s.. The state of war officially concluded on July two, 1902, with a victory for the United states. However, some Philippine groups led by veterans of the Katipunan connected to battle the American forces. Amid those leaders was General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed "Tagalog Republic," formed in 1902 afterwards the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo. Other groups, including the Moro people and Pulahanes people, connected hostilities in remote areas and islands until their terminal defeat a decade subsequently at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June xv, 1913.

Affect and Legacy

Filipino soldiers: Filipino soldiers outside Manila in 1899.

The war with and occupation by the Usa would change the cultural mural of the islands. The war resulted in an estimated 34,000 to 220,000 Philippine casualties (with more than civilians dying from affliction and hunger brought about by war); the disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church building as the state religion; and the introduction of the English language in the islands every bit the primary linguistic communication of government, education, business organisation, and industry, and increasingly in future decades, of families and educated individuals.

Under the 1902 "Philippine Organic Human activity," passed past the U.Due south. Congress, Filipinos initially were given very express self-regime, including the right to vote for some elected officials such as a Philippine Assembly. But information technology was not until 14 years later, with the passage of the 1916 Philippine Autonomy Deed (or "Jones Human action"), that the Us officially promised eventual independence, forth with more than Philippine control in the concurrently over the Philippines. The 1934 Philippine Independence Act created in the following yr the Democracy of the Philippines, a limited form of independence, and established a process ending in Philippine independence (originally scheduled for 1944, just interrupted and delayed by World War II). Finally in 1946, following World War Two and the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, the United States granted independence through the Treaty of Manila.

American Opposition

Some Americans, notably William Jennings Bryan, Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Ernest Crosby, and other members of the American Anti-Imperialist League, strongly objected to the annexation of the Philippines. Anti-imperialist movements claimed that the United States had go a colonial power by replacing Espana as the colonial power in the Philippines. Other anti-imperialists opposed annexation on racist grounds. Among these was Senator Benjamin Tillman of Due south Carolina, who feared that annexation of the Philippines would lead to an influx of nonwhite immigrants into the United states of america. Equally news of atrocities committed in subduing the Philippines arrived in the United States, back up for the war flagged.

The Banana Wars

The Banana Wars were a series of U.S. military machine occupations and interventions in Latin American and Caribbean countries during the early 1900s.

Learning Objectives

Analyze the Banana Wars

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Banana Wars were a series of conflicts and military interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean caused or influenced past the United states of america to protect its commercial interests. Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, United mexican states, Haiti, and the Dominican Democracy were all venues of conflicts.
• The United Fruit Company and the Standard Fruit Visitor had significant commercial stakes and influence in Latin America and were behind many of the conflicts.

Fundamental Terms

• Roosevelt Corollary: An extension to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt that states that the United States will arbitrate in conflicts between European nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than allowing the Europeans to printing their claims straight.
• United Fruit Visitor: An American company that sold fruit produced on Latin and South American plantations to Due north American and European markets. Along with the Standard Fruit Company, information technology dominated the economies and strongly influenced the governments of Latin American countries.

The Banana Wars, likewise known as the "American-Caribbean area Wars," were a series of occupations, police force deportment, and interventions involving the United States in Central America and the Caribbean area. This period of conflict started with the Castilian-American War in 1898 and the subsequent Treaty of Paris, which gave the United states command of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Thereafter, the United states of america conducted armed forces interventions in Cuba, Panama, Republic of honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Haiti, and the Dominican Democracy. The series of conflicts ended with the withdrawal of troops from Haiti in 1934 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Reasons for these conflicts were varied but were largely economic in nature. The conflict was called the "Banana Wars" considering of the connections between U.S. interventions and the preservation of American commercial interests in the region.

United Fruit Visitor Steamship Service: A 1916 advertisement for the United Fruit Visitor Steamship Service.

Most prominently, the United Fruit Company had significant financial stakes in the product of bananas, tobacco, saccharide cane, and various other products throughout the Caribbean area, Fundamental America, and northern South America. The United States besides was advancing its political interests, maintaining a sphere of influence and controlling the Panama Culvert, which it had recently built and which was critically important to global trade and naval ability.

Panama and the Canal

In 1882, Ferdinand de Lesseps started work on a canal, simply by 1889, the endeavor had experienced technology challenges caused by frequent landslides, slippage of equipment, and mud, and resulted in bankruptcy. U.Due south. President Theodore Roosevelt convinced Congress to take on the abandoned works in 1902, while Republic of colombia was in the midst of the Thousand Days' War. During the war, Panamanian Liberals made at least three attempts to seize control of Panama and potentially achieve total autonomy. Liberal guerrillas such as Belisario Porras and Victoriano Lorenzo were suppressed past a collaboration between bourgeois Colombian and U.South. forces under the Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty. The Roosevelt assistants proposed to Colombia that the United States should command the canal, simply by mid-1903, the Colombian government refused. The United States then changed tactics.

Less than three weeks later, on November 18, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed between Frenchman Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, who had promptly been appointed Panamanian ambassador to the U.s. (representing Panamanian interests), and the U.Southward. Secretary of State John Hay. The treaty allowed for the construction of a canal and U.Due south. sovereignty over a strip of country 10-miles wide and l-miles long on either side of the Panama Canal Zone. In that zone, the U.s.a. would build a canal, then administrate, fortify, and defend it "in perpetuity."

Honduras and American Fruit Companies

Honduras, where the United Fruit Company and Standard Fruit Company dominated the country's key assistant export sector and associated land holdings and railways, saw the insertion of American troops in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924, and 1925. The writer O. Henry coined the term "banana democracy" in 1904 to describe Honduras.

The starting time decades of Honduras's history were marked by instability in terms of politics and economy. Indeed, the political context gave way to 210 armed conflicts between independence and the ascent to power of the Carias government. This instability was due in part to American involvement in the land.

The first visitor that concluded an understanding with the Republic of honduras government was the Vaccaro Brothers Company (Standard Fruit Company). The Cuyamel Fruit Visitor then followed that atomic number 82. The United Fruit Visitor also agreed to a contract with the government, which was attained through its subsidies (the Tela Rail Route Company and Truxillo Runway Route Visitor).

Different avenues led to the signature of a contract between the Republic of honduras government and the American companies. The most pop avenue was to obtain a grab on a piece of state in exchange for the completion of railroads in Republic of honduras; this explains why a railroad company conducted the agreement between the United Fruit Company and Republic of honduras. The ultimate goal in the conquering of a contract was to command the bananas, from production to distribution. Therefore, the American companies would finance guerrilla fighters, presidential campaigns, and governments.

United mexican states

The U.S. war machine involvements with Mexico in this menstruum are related to the same general commercial and political causes, simply stand up every bit a special case. The Americans conducted the Border War with United mexican states from 1910 to 1919 for additional reasons: to command the flow of immigrants and refugees from revolutionary Mexico (pacificos), and to counter rebel raids into U.Due south. territory. The 1914 U.Southward. occupation of Veracruz, however, was an exercise of armed influence, not an effect of border integrity; information technology was aimed at cutting off the supplies of German munitions to the government of Mexican leader Victoriano Huerta, whom U.Southward. President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize. In the years prior to World War I, the Us also was sensitive to the regional balance of power against Germany. The Germans were actively arming and advising the Mexicans, as demonstrated past the 1914 SS Ypiranga arms-aircraft incident, the establishment of German saboteur Lothar Witzke's base in United mexican states City, the 1917 Zimmermann Telegram, and the presence of German advisors during the 1918 Boxing of Ambos Nogales. But twice during the Mexican Revolution did the U.S. military occupy Mexico: during the temporary occupation of Veracruz in 1914 and betwixt the years 1916 and 1917, when U.Due south. General John Pershing and his regular army came to United mexican states to lead a nationwide search for Pancho Villa.

Other Countries

Other Latin American nations were influenced or dominated by American economical policies and/or commercial interests to the point of compulsion. Theodore Roosevelt alleged the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904, asserting the right of the The states to intervene to stabilize the economical affairs of states in the Caribbean and Primal America if they were unable to pay their international debts. From 1909 to 1913, President William Howard Taft and his Secretarial assistant of State Philander C. Knox asserted a more "peaceful and economic" Dollar Affairs strange policy, although that, too, was backed by force. The U.S. Marine Corps most often carried out these military interventions. The Marines were called in so ofttimes that they developed a Small Wars Manual, The Strategy and Tactics of Small Wars, in 1921. On occasion, U.South. Naval gunfire and U.Due south. Regular army troops were also used.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/american-imperialism/

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